- Museum number
- Af1913,1211.1
- Title
- Series: Benin Plaques
- Description
-
Relief plaque, lost-wax cast in brass. Wide plaque, rectangular in form with side flanges. Background surface decorated with river leaf patterns and stippling. Three nail holes in upper half of plaque, two at left and one at right. One hole at bottom right.
Depicts scene of cow sacrifice. Figure of cow at right centre, seen from above, with legs held by four attendants, above and below the cow, all facing front. Fifth attendant, standing to front, in left profile, holds mouth of cow. Central larger scale figure, facing front, has ridged helmet with feather and side plait at left side. Wears beaded necklace, leopard's tooth necklace, chestband, body armour with pendents terminating in bells, armlet on upper right arm, bracelet on same lower arm, and wrap-around skirt. Two further figures at top of plaque, at different scales facing front.
- Production date
- 16thC-17thC (circa)
- Dimensions
-
Height: 52 centimetres
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Weight: 18.52 kilograms
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Width: 41 centimetres
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Depth: 10.50 centimetres
- Curator's comments
-
The relief brass plaques that used to decorate the Oba's (king's) palace are among the most well-known of all the royal arts of Benin. Although frequently described as 'Benin Bronzes' most plaques are made of leaded brass in various compositions. It is widely accepted that they date to the 16th-17th centuries.
In the years prior to the British Expedition royal influence in Benin was increasingly under threat from rival powers, both internal and external, with a focus on economic power and control of the important trading monopolies. However, the court and palace remained the political and spiritual centre of the Benin Kingdom. Earlier accounts written by Europeans visiting the city describe its size and scale. The palace complex was set up around atrium courtyards; some had galleries with wooden pillars supporting the roof. Brass plaques, probably made in matching pairs, were fixed to these pillars.
The Benin brass plaques represent a distinct and unique corpus of work, unparalleled elsewhere on the continent. They are cast using the cire perdue (lost wax) technique and show significant variation in the depth of the relief. Some of the plaques portray historical events or commemorate successful wars, while others are a vivid depiction of Benin court life and ritual. Several groups of plaques show clear stylistic similarities. William B. Fagg suggested that these plaques represent the work of master brass casters.
Fagg, William, 1973, 'Nigerian Images', London: Lund Humphries
Gunsch, Kathryn, 2018, 'Benin plaques: a 16th century imperial monument', London: Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group
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This plaque was not included in the loan of 304 plaques from the Foreign Office that were displayed at the British Museum in 1897.
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Part of Cow Sacrifice Set (Gunsch, 2018).
- Location
- Not on display
- Exhibition history
-
Exhibited:
1970-1973, London, Museum of Mankind, Divine Kingship in Africa
2007 3 Feb-27 May, Taipei, National Palace Museum, Treasures of the World's Cultures
2007 14 Sep-2 Dec, Hong Kong Museum of Art, Treasures of the World's Cultures
2009 1 May-20 Sep, Victoria, Royal BC Museum, Treasures of the World's Cultures
2009-2010 11 Dec-10 May, Madrid, Canal de Isabel II, Treasures of the World's Cultures
2012 April-July, Manarat Al Saadayat,Abu Dhabi, Treasures of the world's cultures
2012-2013 Nov-March, Bonn, KAH, Treasures of the World's Cultures
2015-2016 4 Dec- 03 Jul, Singapore, National Museum, Treasures of the World's Cultures
- Condition
- Fair; missing entire top edge. Flange missing from top to midway at left side. Bottom edge missing at left side to midway. Missing object from top left figure's hands.
- Associated events
- Associated Event: British Expedition to Benin City Feb 1897
- Acquisition date
- 1913
- Acquisition notes
- During the British Expedition to Benin City (Edo) in 1897 objects made of brass, ivory, coral and wood were looted by British soldiers from the royal palace, its storerooms and compounds.
Some of these objects were sold or exchanged on the coast. However, many were brought to the UK where they were sold through private auction, donated to museums, or retained by soldiers of the expedition.
See Collection File: Af1913,1211.1-2.
The group of objects Af1913,1211.1 to 42 contains a mixture of African material transferred from the Foreign Office. Nos. 1 and 2 are Benin plaques with the comment in the register that "The first two Benin plaques were sent over to England as samples after the punitive expedition."
Nos.3 to 42 are not from the Benin expedition, but come from other parts of Africa.
- Department
- Africa, Oceania and the Americas
- Registration number
- Af1913,1211.1
- Additional IDs
-
Miscellaneous number: Y6/75 (Dark: Benin catalogue number)